Cancerous tumours of the bone
A cancerous tumour of the bone can grow into and destroy nearby tissue. It can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Cancerous tumours are also called malignant tumours.
Cancer that starts in the bone (primary bone cancer) is rare. It is more common in children and young adults than in older adults. Cancer that spreads to the bone from other parts of the body (called bone metastases) is much more common in older adults.
Most bone cancers are called sarcomas. The following are sarcomas found in adults.
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone cancer found in adults over the age of 50. It starts in the cartilage, which is the strong and flexible tissue that lines the joints. It is most often found in the upper arm bone (humerus) or the thigh bone (femur). But it can also be found in the ribs, pelvic bones and shoulder blade (scapula). Chondrosarcoma is usually a slow-growing cancer.
There are different subtypes of chondrosarcoma:
- central, primary and secondary chondrosarcoma
- peripheral chondrosarcoma
- dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma
- clear cell chondrosarcoma
- mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is the second most common type of primary bone cancer found in adults in their 60s and 70s. It is the most common type of bone cancer found in children and young adults. While osteosarcoma can start in any bone in the body, it is most often found in the ends of the bones of the knee, shin (tibia), leg and upper arm. In older adults it is also found in the hips and jaw.
Osteosarcoma is more common in people who have a history of retinoblastoma (a type of childhood eye cancer), Paget disease of the bone or radiation therapy treatments.
There are several different subtypes of osteosarcoma:
- low-grade central osteosarcoma
- conventional osteosarcoma (which can be osteoblastic, chondroblastic or fibroblastic)
- small cell osteosarcoma
- high-grade surface osteosarcoma
- telangiectatic osteosarcoma
- secondary osteosarcoma (caused by radiation treatment or Paget disease of the bone)
- parosteal osteosarcoma
- periosteal osteosarcoma
Chordoma
Chordoma is a slow-growing cancer that is found in the base of the skull, the base of the spine (sacrum) and the other spinal bones (vertebrae). It is more common in men than women and in adults over the age of 30.
Undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma
Undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma is found in the bones of the leg, arm and jaw. It is more common in people over the age of 40. Another name for this tumour is malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). Undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma tumours are treated like osteosarcoma tumours.
Rare bone cancers
The following primary bone cancers are rare.
Ewing sarcoma is very rare in adults over 40. It is much more common in teenagers and young adults. It most often affects the pelvic bones and the bones in the leg, arm, ribs, spine and skull. Find out more about Ewing sarcoma.
Fibrosarcoma of the bone
is an aggressive type of primary bone cancer that is very rare in people under
40 and is more common in adults over 40. It is most often found inside the bones
of the leg. The main treatments for fibrosarcoma of the bone are surgery and
radiation therapy, but sometimes chemotherapy may be used. Fibrosarcoma can also
start in the
Angiosarcoma of the bone is an aggressive type of primary bone cancer. It occurs in the bones of the leg and pelvis, sometimes in several places in the same bone. Surgery is the main treatment for angiosarcoma. Chemotherapy may be used for angiosarcoma that has spread to other parts of the body.
Other cancers that can start in the bones
The following cancers can start in the bones, but they are not considered to be bone cancer: